Things seniors need to be aware of to avoid senior poverty: Janet Gray

While the Conference Board of Canada reports that only 6.7 per cent of Canadian seniors live in poverty, it’s still a concern giving the rising cost of housing and the relative modesty of government retirement benefits.

We asked Janet Gray, an advice-only Certified Financial Planner with MoneyCoachesCanada, for her thoughts on this issue. She believes that most people aren’t aware of what they are getting into when they retire.

She began our conversation by saying that she wished there was some sort of mandatory retirement coaching for people prior to them leaving the workforce, to help deal with the “fear of the unknown” that many face. It’s important, she says, for people to have “at least some awareness of their situation.”

As an example, many seniors living in expensive homes worry that they only have $5,000 in the bank, even though the home may be worth a million or two.

Senior females tend to be the people who have lower incomes, and for a variety of reasons, she explains.

First, women tend to be paid less throughout their working careers, she says.

Second, because Canada is so “home ownership focused,” older women are very reluctant to give up the family home even after their partners have passed away. “People are almost declaring bankruptcy to stay in the house,” she explains. “They’d rather cut off their leg than lose the house.”

But, if the cost of owning and maintaining a house becomes more expensive over time, there are still things that can be done, she says.

“Here in Ottawa you can defer property taxes until you pass away (or sell the home), and let them be settled through your estate/time of sale,” she explains.

Older women living alone face safety issues – getting up on a ladder to change a light bulb can be risky. She says some of her clients have gone the “co-housing” route, having a friend or family member move in with them and share the costs of running the place.

Another option is a reverse mortgage, where you access some of the equity in your home now.

She recommends that clients open a home equity line of credit while they can before retirement, because these are harder to get once have less income in retirement. “That way, if one day you might need to access that money, it’s there for you,” she notes.

People also don’t seem to realize that the Canada Pension Plan doesn’t offer a full survivor benefit to the surviving spouse. Sometimes, she says, all that happens is that the surviving spouse gets their CPP topped up to the maximum individual benefit amount from what their late partner was getting (even if the partner was getting more). The partner’s Old Age Security  payments end upon the partner’s death, she explains.

That, she says, can be a big hit, as the survivor “loses most of the CPP their partner was getting and also all of the OAS.” She says these rules “are not well understood by people,” but they should be, particularly by women who tend to “live longer generally.”

She thinks it is unlikely any future government will try to improve CPP benefits.

And for that reason, it’s important for people to personally save for retirement, even if they have some sort of retirement savings arrangement at work. “People often remark on how government workers get better pensions, but they are putting away 10 per cent of their earnings into the pension every year,” she explains. “If everyone tried to put away 10 per cent of their earnings each year, we would have less problems” with retirement income, she says.

Low income seniors can get subsidized accommodation in places like a long-term care residence, she says. She also says the Disability Tax Credit is worth applying for seniors, as it could lead to a significant tax refund.

For having cars in one’s senior years, Gray says that while older, lower income people are less likely to qualify for car loans, they can still get around with ride-sharing services, or by leasing a car. While age might stand in the way of a car loan, it’s not usually an issue with a car lease, she explains.

We thank Janet Gray for taking the time to speak with us.

If you are saving on your own for retirement, take a look at the Saskatchewan Pension Plan. You provide the savings, and we’ll invest your hard-saved dollars in a low-cost, professionally managed pooled fund. At retirement, your options include the possibility of a lifetime monthly annuity payment or the more flexible Variable Benefit.

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Are we becoming too comfortable with debt? A Money Coach weighs in!

When the Bank of Canada recently ratcheted down its decades-high prime rate, we wondered if millions of debt-holding Canadians would start to breathe easier.

Or, are they comfortable with having a lot of debt and not following the ups and downs of interest rates?

We reached out to Janet Gray, CFP, advice-only planner with Money Coaches Canada to find out more on the topic of debt, and its distant cousins budgeting and saving.

“Everyone’s perception of debt is different,” says Gray. We all have a “different threshold of comfort/discomfort” with the idea of being in debt. That level of comfort – unheard of in our parents’ and grandparents’ day – can impact whether or not we can step up and manage our debt, says Gray.

While some folks may still live off their credit cards, it’s harder to do in an era where credit cards carry interest rates of 21 to 30 per cent.

That sort of high interest debt should be targeted first if you ever set out on a plan to reduce or eliminate indebtedness, she adds.

It’s more common these days for people to leverage the equity in their homes for extra cash. “We are living in our largest savings account,” she explains, mentioning the easy access we have to home equity lines of credit or reverse mortgages. Even today’s higher interest rates on lines of credit – in the 7.25 per cent range – are small compared to the rates charged by credit cards.

“In an emergency, many people have to access their lines of credit if they don’t have enough savings,” she explains.

Gray agrees that the recent period of ultra-low interest rates has “normalized” debt. She says it was not that long ago that we saw 1.99 per cent mortgages and zero per cent car loans. “It has been so easy to get credit – everything has been so easy – but management of credit is not so intuitive,” she explains.

Debt is like “a machine that feeds itself,” she explains, with such drivers as the feeling of denial when you can’t afford something, the lack of tools to cope with debt, and the fact that “people don’t comprehend where credit use is taking them – the stress, wear and tear, the impact on relationships.”

So how do we turn things around, and manage debt while building savings?

Part of the solution is acceptance – recognizing that there’s a problem – and then having the perseverance “to get there” and solve it, she says.

Know your numbers, and quantify the true cost of credit – what you are paying in interest, and how that impacts the real cost of credit card purchases. “Make that your mission – don’t spend unless you have a plan to pay (debt) back,” she explains.

Budgeting – every dollar has a job

Gray explains that we need to realize that every dollar we have needs to have a job. It needs a specific goal, a plan for that dollar. Some can go to debt, but others can be put away for long-term savings, or to help pay for a vacation trip.

Problems can happen with your money if “you don’t have the jobs well identified,” she explains. “You need to know what you need your money to do. You have to define jobs for every dollar, and then (after you pay for your required expenses) align your investment and savings with those goals.”

If you are thinking about short-term money goals, your money should be in something that is less risky and more oriented towards short-term savings – perhaps via a Tax Free Savings Account invested in fixed-income investments which is usually safe, secure and readily accessible.

Your longer-term money, for such things as retirement, should be focused on growth investments, like equity, and can live in a registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) or, increasingly these days, a TFSA so there is no tax when you withdraw the money in retirement, she says.

“Find the job, then find the vehicle,” she explains.

Looking ahead

While we are seeing more consumer proposals and bankruptcies caused by improper use of credit, there are some good signs out there.

Gray says she was pleased to learn that Grade 10 students in Ontario will soon be getting financial literacy training, beginning at age 15. “That’s the perfect age for it, since they are still in school until age 16 but some are working part time and earning money. They are still (maybe) moldable at 15.

The hope, she adds, is that younger people will begin to learn that you need to align the money you make with your needs, to “have the dollars working for you, and not you working for the dollars.”

We thank Janet Gray for taking the time to chat with us again!

Thinking about saving for retirement? But don’t know how to get started? The Saskatchewan Pension Plan may be just the program for you. It’s open to any Canadian with RRSP room, and you can start small and ratchet things up as you progress through your working career. SPP will professionally invest and grow your savings via a low-cost, pooled investment fund. At retirement, you can choose from several options – money for life via an SPP annuity, or the flexibility of the Variable Benefit. Check out SPP today.

Check out SPP today!

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In the concluding edition of a four-part series, Save with SPP talks to Janet Gray, CFP, of Money Coaches Canada about how money coaching helps people align their finances with their goals

In her career, which now spans more than 23 years, Janet Gray, CFP, of Money Coaches Canada says she’s learned that many people “really do need assistance around their money decisions… there are fires they may need to put out, and there is often an opportunity for financial literacy.”

And, she says, “it doesn’t matter how many zeroes you have in your income,” those with virtually any level of income can have money problems.

Speaking by telephone to Save with SPP, Gray said most people try to find their own way through the tricky waters of finance. “They don’t know how you are supposed to do it, so they may keep doing things wrong,” she explains – thinking that the ‘status quo’ approach is a correct one.

But continuing on that wrong path typically leads to an “acknowledgement point” where folks realize that their do-it-yourself approach isn’t working – and that they need some help.

So, given that, why don’t more people look for help?

“Pride can be a reason,” Gray explains. “They may be too proud to ask for help… it may be embarrassing for them.”

Other reasons for not seeking help, and “muddling along on your own,” include fears about costs, the time and effort it takes, and being comfortable with the way you’ve always done things (i.e., the status quo). Some people (incorrectly) fear the money coach will scold them, or shake a finger at them, and thus they “keep the blinders on,” and continue as they were.

But it is through coaching, she says, they gain perspective – they see there is more than one way to do things, and that there is probably a more efficient way to handle their finances.

It’s interesting, Save with SPP asks, to think about people with all those zeroes in their income having problems.

Those with higher incomes may feel they need a bigger house to keep up appearances, with a flashy car to top it all off, Gray says. But those may be just signs of runaway debt, rather than wealth, Gray explains. She cites the book The Millionaire Next Door, which found that the richest people in the ‘hood tend to live in smaller bungalows for decades, and drive sensible, older cars rather than leasing expensive ones, with low or no debt.

So for everyone with debt, be they high-income earners or not, education on “wants versus needs” is necessary, she explains.

These days, through the science of behavioural finance, there are ways to help “nudge” people into adopting more responsible practices with their finances, she explains.

“Instead of doing this, do that,” she suggests. “It will get you to your goals sooner.” Talking people through “the soft side of it,” will help them see for themselves why they shouldn’t “keep doing things that don’t succeed,” and encourage them to behaviours that will teach them a different, more sustainable and successful way of coping with their finances.

For an example, Gray says, think of getting an inheritance. In a lot of cases, we hear that those receiving inheritances burn through the money quickly, perhaps because they have no plan for dealing with extra, unexpected money.

A plan is key, says Gray.

“Look after the fires first,” she says, such as paying down or paying off debt. “It’s an emotional thing, inheriting money. So for sure, do something fun, maybe in memory of your relative.” But also consider longer-term goals, like saving for retirement, for at least some of the money.

“Go to the goals you have set for yourself financially – what would you do if you didn’t inherit the money?” It would probably be just that – spend some on current debts, save some, and put some away for retirement, she explains.

Asked what she sees as some success stories, she says the ones that stick out for her are from people who – once coached – realized they could afford to retire earlier than planned.

Many people, she explains, work away thinking they can’t afford to retire – but if they do the math, and take a look at what income they can expect from pensions, savings, and other sources, “they might already have everything they need now to go,” she says. “I have had several clients thank me, because they were able to see that they could retire earlier than they had planned.”

Retirees have a unique set of challenges as well.

She says recent research in the U.S. found that many retirees are spending less than they could have, which is basically “making the kids millionaires.” She advises some clients to spend a little more on themselves – “go to the five-star hotel instead of Motel 6… uplevel things a bit!”

Many retirees aren’t sure about how to spend money in their retirement, and worry “they are going to run out of money.” That’s not always the case, and emotions like that can get in the way of clear planning.

It’s also important for retirees not only to understand their cashflow, but to think about their estate plan, and to manage their taxes, says Gray.

When you are working, tax management is easy – it is all deducted from your pay, and you typically get a refund when you file your taxes.

But for retirees, taxes are far less predictable due to receiving multiple streams of income, and must be carefully managed.

Estate planning is also crucial at this stage, she adds. “What do you want to see done with your money upon your death? Do you want to leave money for your kids? Then here’s how much you have to live on. And you have to plan for longevity, and account for taxes,” she says.

You also want to keep things simple for your surviving spouse.

“If you have seven bank accounts, and five registered retirement income funds (RRIFs), and a mile-long spreadsheet, will the spouse be able to figure that all out?” she asks.

It’s critical for spouses to be on the same page about their money. “If one is a leader, and the other is a follower,” there can be problems if the leader passes on first.

“I spend a lot of time helping clients with questions like `will we have to sell the house,’ and `how will we pay for (expensive) long-term care in a memory ward,’ so it is important to keep the finances simple. One of you will be standing longer than the other.”

We thank Janet Gray of Money Coaches Canada very much for taking the time to talk with us for this four-part series!

Great news! The Saskatchewan Pension Plan now offers its Variable Benefit to all SPP members! This flexible benefit option allows you to decide how much to withdraw each year, while the rest of your money continues to be invested by SPP. And, you can still transfer money in from other registered sources! Check out SPP today!

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In this third of a four-part series, Save with SPP talks to Janet Gray, CFP, of Money Coaches Canada about the stress and worry of debt, and how to get it under control.

There’s no doubt, says Janet Gray, CFP, of Money Coaches Canada, that debt is a “nemesis” for many people today. It causes “stress, worry, anxiety, hopelessness,” and people can “just get ground down by it,” she tells Save with SPP.

“There’s no simple way to get out of it; it can seem like quicksand. Many users feel stuck,” she explains.

These days, the sources of debt she helps clients battle include “consumer debt and credit cards, and I’ll include variable rate mortgages and lines of credit too,” she says.

Credit cards, she says are the worst “because they are toxic,” and can carry very high interest rates in the 19 to 21 per cent rate. “If you miss even the minimum payment, the credit card interest rates will go even higher,” she warns. Or, worse, you could get your card cancelled and still owe all the money and interest.

While credit can lead you into trouble, it is a bit of a “necessary evil,” she explains. You need to establish credit so you have a borrowing record, so that you can qualify for things like car loans and mortgages, she says. So having bad credit can make those dreams less possible – it can take two or more years to repair a bad credit score.

We hear that credit cards work well for those who are able to pay off their balance each month, and Gray states that it’s about 70 per cent of Canadians who fully pay their balance monthly.

But many people feel that just paying the minimum amount on a credit card is good enough, when all it means is that you are mostly paying the interest down, but not the principal. They see the credit card as money, rather than a source of debt, she explains. “For some people, a credit card is the only cash flow they have,” she explains.

So, if you are barely able to cover all your minimum payments each month, how do you get out of debt?

“First,” says Gray, “you have to recognize that it is going to be a challenge – and will take some time.”

Next, look at each individual debt that you have. There are several ways to attack the debt.

The “avalanche” method involves paying extra on your highest interest rate debt first. Then, when that’s paid off, you add what you were paying on it to your next-highest interest rate debt, and continue “down the hill” until everything is paid off. This method can minimize high interest charges.

An alternative approach is the “snowball” approach, where you pay the smallest debt amount first, then go on to the next smallest, and so on, she says. This can provide motivation as you see your successes along the way.

“There are all kinds of ways to get there,” she says. “I recommend people pick one, and then, just do it!”

Other ways out of debt include consolidation loans, where you take a loan to pay everything off and then pay off the loan over time, say three to five years. Gray says if you go this route you might be tempted to start using credit cards again – don’t.

Beyond those approaches, the only ways out of debt are via a consumer proposal, where a trustee negotiates a lower settlement price for your debt, or bankruptcy, which will mean “six years with no or little credit. No one really wants to do this, but for some it may be the only option,” she notes.

A lot of people get lulled into using credit cards because they offer reward points or cash back. “If you are carrying a balance on a credit cards, those points aren’t free – you are paying 21 per cent interest to get points that are maybe worth one per cent of your balance,” she warns.

She concludes by noting that those who are piling up debt on credit cards, and creating a cycle of having no cash flow, need to look at credit “more starkly, to see it for what it is.” They have to break the cycle of credit dependency – that “I deserve to spend, instant gratification mentality.”

In the fourth and final part of this series, we’ll look at setting goals for life.

Did you know that the Saskatchewan Pension Plan now offers its Variable Benefit to all SPP members? Under this flexible retirement option, you can decide how much income you want to withdraw from your account while it continues to be invested. As well, you can continue to transfer money in from other registered sources! Check out SPP today!

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In this second of a four-part series, Save with SPP talks to Janet Gray, CFP, of Money Coaches Canada about the difference between saving, and investing for your future

Any discussion about saving should begin by setting out the difference between saving and investing, says Janet Gray, CFP, of Money Coaches Canada.

“Saving money is something that is imminent or short term (less than 12 months),” she explains. You are protecting its value, and the use of that money is soon – so your savings need to be “secure and liquid,” she says. An example might be putting money in a savings account or a GIC.

“Investing is where you want the money to work for you. You are delaying the use of that money” while allowing it to increase in value (hopefully) and will use it in the future for something more mid to long-term, such as retirement or a large goal. Examples would be investments in mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, bonds and other securities.

“You have to save to invest,” she explains, “but don’t need to invest to save. Investing is a longer-term thing, saving is a shorter-term thing.”

OK, we now see the distinction. But why, we asked, don’t more people save?

Gray says there are a lot of factors at play.

“There is the issue of why – why do I need to set money aside,” she explains.

Many people get hung up on their everyday living costs and can’t imagine a future where there’s no mortgage, no kids to feed, and no car payments. But for most of us, the future will be just like that – less expenses, but less income. So saving and planning is important.

“That awareness… can possibly help you to save better,” she explains.

Some people think they don’t have to save because they have a good pension plan at work. But things can change – you may change jobs, and in some fairly rare cases, pension plans serving the private sector, like Nortel or Sears, run into financial trouble.

There are those who could save, but who simply are “in denial,” or are naïve, and have developed a “keep spending” lifestyle, she says. When you “avoid looking at your finances… and you are spending without awareness,” it’s easy to simply disregard saving, she explains.

“Some with low incomes simply can’t save. They can’t find any excess to save, they are spending every bit of their income. They lack the means to save,” she says.

But for others, “knowing where your money is going” is how to turn things around and get on the path to saving. Start keeping track of where your money is going.

“Maybe you have dinner out three times a week, or travel a lot, or give expensive birthday presents to the kids,” she says.

“These are all examples of discretionary spending that can be reduced,” she says. We can all fall into the trap of spending all our money on “what’s comfortable and pleasant,” but a careful review of “all your categories of spending” can help identify areas where you could cut back and begin saving.

“I tell people that once the bills are all paid, they should include saving as a ‘bill’,” she explains. You can start small with the saving habit, maybe $10 a week, and gradually grow that amount over time, she explains.

Once you really think about spending, you will find there is a lot of room for change, she says. “Start questioning every payment amount – are there discounts, or coupons? Can you use a savings app? Are there special shopping days, like Cyber Monday, to take advantage of?”

She agrees that it is time-consuming to find dollars to save by looking at all flyers and comparison shopping, but it pays off. “If you shop for convenience, without a list, you will find that convenience costs money,” she explains. Focusing on getting as much as you can for your spending dollar will lead to savings and more satisfaction, she says.

If you are craving a pizza, “make your own, and put $25 in a savings account,” she says.

She says that a recent read of the book The Millionaire Next Door shows the importance of frugality. Really rich people, like investor Warren Buffett, got there because they didn’t spend their money on flashy items and big houses. Instead, they live in modest homes and drive older, sensible cars, she says.

“The unassuming ones are the millionaires… they are superconscious about their money. They try to avoid large fees, and refuse to pay full price for items they want,” she explains.

Even if you have a big house in a nice area, the higher costs of taxes and maintenance can impact your ability to spend when you’re older, she says. “When you see big fancy cars pulling up to the food bank, those are people who are often deep in debt,” she says.

We concluded our chat with a look at the two main savings vehicles in Canada – the registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) and the Tax-Free Savings Account (TFSA). What are the differences between the two?

“In choosing between these two, it all depends on the eventual use of the money,” she explains.

With an RRSP, you get a tax deduction on the money you contribute. That money grows tax-free until you start withdrawing money from the RRSP or from a registered retirement income fund (where RRSP funds can go after you reach age 71).

An RRSP, she notes, “is best for retirement savings, especially for those who are now working and making a good wage – say $70,000 a year or more.” Generally speaking, she explains, if you put the money into an RRSP while you are earning a higher income, the income you receive from it in the future will be taxed when you are earning a lower income/lower tax rate in retirement.

That’s why for those with a lower income – say $40,000 or so – there isn’t as much of a benefit from an RRSP, she says.

“If you are making less than $40,000 or $50,000, you don’t get the same tax benefit from an RRSP, so you might be better off with a TFSA,” she explains.

With a TFSA, there’s no tax deduction for putting money into an account, but your savings grow tax free, and there’s no income tax implications when you withdraw money from your TFSA.

TFSA income, unlike money from an RRSP or RRIF, does not impact your ability to receive Old Age Security, she adds.

TFSAs are a nice place to save, and enjoy a shelter from taxation. “Almost everyone can take advantage of the features of a TFSA,” she says. If you fill yours up, help your spouse fill theirs, she advises.

So, summing it up, if you think you can’t possibly save, it may be because you don’t know where your spending is currently going. Lock the spending part down, and try to take advantage of sales, flyers, and coupons, and by spending less you’ll have more to put away in a savings vehicle. Think of savings as a bill you have to pay, set it as auto payment and increase it every month.

In the next part of our series, we’ll take a look at debt.

If you are saving for retirement on your own, take a look at the Saskatchewan Pension Plan. You can start small, and ramp up your saving over time. SPP will do the hard part – investing your money in a pooled fund at a low cost – and at the end of the day, you’ll have a new source of retirement income for life after work.

Great news! SPP’s flexible Variable Benefit option is no longer limited to those members living within the borders of Saskatchewan. Now all retiring SPP members across the country can take advantage of this provision, which puts you in control of how much income you want to withdraw, and when you want to withdraw it. You can also transfer in additional savings from other unlocked registered sources. For full details see SaskPension.com.

Check out SPP today!

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Asked if Canadians are paying enough attention to the importance of retirement saving, Janet Gray of Money Coaches Canada has a simple answer. “No,” says the Ottawa-based financial planner.

“It’s always a case of `out of sight, out of mind,’” she explains over the phone to Save with SPP. A lot of people “don’t really look at it (retirement saving) until five to 10 years from their perceived retirement date.”

Some, she says, belong to pension plans and expect those will look after them. Most don’t have such workplace plans.

A key question, then, is whether or not your retirement savings from all sources will be enough, explains Gray. “You need to know your numbers – have you got enough?” she says. Will you be able to cover your costs after work is over?

And your perceived retirement date may change, she explains. Many of us find that poor health, or changes at work, force them to start retirement earlier than they expected. Again, the question for them is will they have enough, she explains.

When it comes to retirement savings, Gray says she has noticed that many have a sort of “all or nothing” mindset on the topic. People are either fully engaged savers, or they aren’t doing anything.

That said, some people are doing well on the retirement savings front.

“I’ve got clients in their 30s, professionals, who are doing well,” she explains. They want to have an enjoyable retirement, and unlike their parents, “they don’t want to work forever.” But not everyone is so organized, especially at a young age, she warns.

“We really need more financial literacy in Canada,” she says. Retirement savings, she explains, is really a case of “pay me now, or pay me later.” As an example, to match the money saved by someone who starts putting away $100 per month in their 30s, a 50-year-old would need to start putting away thousands a month (due to compound growth and early start), she says. And if you can’t do that, “you’re working until a later age than first planned,” she notes.

With retirement savings, “every little bit helps.” The stats show that most people live on average well into their 80s and even beyond, so without some sort of savings plan, you “won’t have as much money as you’d think you would have.”

It takes discipline to save. “Our culture is really hinged on a `spend now, buy now, live now’” theme, she says. People use credit, which works against them. “A $5,000 purchase plus interest on a credit card would take the average Canadian, making the average income of $29 per hour (from Stats Can), 211 hours to pay off,” Gray notes. Before you buy something for $5,000 on credit, remember that it could take 200 hours of work to pay for it, she warns.

So, how do people change their habits?

“The first step is awareness,” she explains. Once you get the need to have savings, “it’s like the old Nike ad – just do it. Starting small, say $25 a pay, is a good way, because once you’ve started and the money starts to pile up, you will be able to say to yourself “this is working!” and then keep doing it–or more, she says.

There are so many thousands who never take that first step, she says. Many have high levels of debt, which “holds people back so much,” she says, but even if you are restricted by debt you need to set aside what you can for retirement. The biggest mistake people make, therefore, is never getting started on retirement savings, she says.

We thank Janet Gray for taking the time to speak with us. Check out her Facebook page.

Starting small, and making automatic contributions, is something the Saskatchewan Pension Plan can help you with. SPP contributions can be made via automatic transfers from your bank account, and you can choose to increase those contributions when you earn more, or owe less. Why not check them out today?

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